Element 82
Lead (Pb)
Lead (Pb) is element 82 of the periodic table, a post-transition metal in period 6, group 14 (p-block) with an atomic mass of 207.21 and is a solid at standard conditions.
At a glance
- Atomic number
- 82
- Symbol
- Pb
- Atomic mass
- 207.21 u
- Category
- Post-transition metals
- Period
- 6
- Group
- 14
- Block
- p-block
- Phase at STP
- solid
Electron structure
- Electron configuration
- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 6p2
- Shorthand configuration
- [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
- Electrons per shell
- 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4
- Oxidation states
- -4, -2, -1, +1, +2, +3, +4
Physical properties
- Melting point
- 600.61 K
- Boiling point
- 2022 K
- Density
- 11.342 g/cm3
- Phase
- solid
Atomic properties
- Electronegativity (Pauling)
- 1.87
- Atomic radius
- 154 pm
- Covalent radius
- 146 pm
- Van der Waals radius
- 202 pm
- First ionization energy
- 716 kJ/mol
- Electron affinity
- 35 kJ/mol
Notable isotopes
| Isotope | Mass | Abundance | Stability |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pb-208 | 207.97664 | 52.4% | Stable |
Common uses
- Batteries
- Radiation shielding
- Ammunition
- Weights
Discovery
- Discovered by
- Known since antiquity
- Country
- Unknown