Element 40
Zirconium (Zr)
Zirconium (Zr) is element 40 of the periodic table, a transition metal in period 5, group 4 (d-block) with an atomic mass of 91.224 and is a solid at standard conditions.
At a glance
- Atomic number
- 40
- Symbol
- Zr
- Atomic mass
- 91.224 u
- Category
- Transition metals
- Period
- 5
- Group
- 4
- Block
- d-block
- Phase at STP
- solid
Electron structure
- Electron configuration
- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d2 5s2
- Shorthand configuration
- [Kr] 4d2 5s2
- Electrons per shell
- 2, 8, 18, 10, 2
- Oxidation states
- -2, +1, +2, +3, +4
Physical properties
- Melting point
- 2128 K
- Boiling point
- 4682 K
- Density
- 6.506 g/cm3
- Phase
- solid
Atomic properties
- Electronegativity (Pauling)
- 1.33
- Atomic radius
- 206 pm
- Covalent radius
- 175 pm
- First ionization energy
- 640 kJ/mol
- Electron affinity
- 41 kJ/mol
Notable isotopes
| Isotope | Mass | Abundance | Stability |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zr-90 | 89.9047 | 51.45% | Stable |
Common uses
- Nuclear reactors
- Ceramics
- Surgical instruments
- Deodorants
Discovery
- Year
- 1789
- Discovered by
- Martin Heinrich Klaproth
- Country
- Germany