Element 44
Ruthenium (Ru)
Ruthenium (Ru) is element 44 of the periodic table, a transition metal in period 5, group 8 (d-block) with an atomic mass of 101.07 and is a solid at standard conditions.
At a glance
- Atomic number
- 44
- Symbol
- Ru
- Atomic mass
- 101.07 u
- Category
- Transition metals
- Period
- 5
- Group
- 8
- Block
- d-block
- Phase at STP
- solid
Electron structure
- Electron configuration
- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d7 5s1
- Shorthand configuration
- [Kr] 4d7 5s1
- Electrons per shell
- 2, 8, 18, 15, 1
- Oxidation states
- -4, -2, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8
Physical properties
- Melting point
- 2607 K
- Boiling point
- 4423 K
- Density
- 12.37 g/cm3
- Phase
- solid
Atomic properties
- Electronegativity (Pauling)
- 2.2
- Atomic radius
- 178 pm
- Covalent radius
- 146 pm
- First ionization energy
- 710 kJ/mol
- Electron affinity
- 101 kJ/mol
Notable isotopes
| Isotope | Mass | Abundance | Stability |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ru-102 | 101.90434 | 31.55% | Stable |
Common uses
- Electronics
- Catalysts
- Solar cells
- Jewelry
Discovery
- Year
- 1844
- Discovered by
- Karl Ernst Claus
- Country
- Russia